STRUKTUR
KOMPUTER
·
A
computer system consists of hardware and software components.
·
Hardware
is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards,
monitors, cables, speakers, and printers.
·
Software
is the operating system and programs.
-
The
operating system instructs the computer how to operate.
-
Program
or applications perform different functions.
Computer Cases and Power Supplies
Computer Case
·
Provides
protection snd support for internal components.
·
Should
be durable, easy to service, and have enough room for expansion.
·
The
size and layout of a case is called a form factor
Power Supply
·
Converts
AC power from the wall socket into DC.
·
Must
provide enough power for the installed components and future additions.
Four Basic Units of Electricity
Voltage (V)
is a measure of the force required to push electrons through the circuit.
Voltage is measured in volts. A computer power
supply usually produces several different voltages.
Current (I) is a measure of the amount of
electrons going a through the circuit. Current is measured in amperes, or amps (A). Computer power supplies deliver different
amperages for each output voltage.
Power (P) is voltage multiplied by current. The
measurement is called watts (W). Computer power
supplies are rated in watts.
Resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of
current in a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lower
ristance allows more currents to flow through a circuit.
Internal Components
Identify the names characteristics of :
1.
Motherboards
·
The
motherboard is the main circuit board.
·
Contains
the buses, or electrical pathways found in a computer. Buses allow data to
travel among the various components.
·
Accomodates
CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembl, BIOS chip, chip set, sockets,
internal and eksternal connectors, various ports, and the ambedded wires that
interconnect the motherboard components.
2. CPUs (Central Processing Unit)
· The CPU is known as the brain of the
computer. It is also referrend to as the processor.
· The CPU executes a program, which is
a sequence of stored instructions.
· Two major CPU architectures related
to instruction sets :
1. Reduced Instrction Set Computer
(RISC)
2. Complex Instrction Set Computer
(CISC)
3.
Cooling System
·
Electronic
components generate heat. Too much heat can damage components.
·
A
case fan makes the cooling process more efficient.
·
A
heat sink draws heat away from the core of the CPU. A fan on
top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the CPU.
·
Fans
can be dedicated to cool the Graphics – processing unit (GPU).
4.
ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM
(Random Access Memory)
·
ROM
contains the basic instrutions for booting the computer and loading the
operating system are stored in ROM.
·
RAM
is temporary storage for data and programs that are being accesed by the CPU.
·
RAM
is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer
is powered off.
·
More
RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well
as enhance system performance.
5.
Adapter Cards
·
Adapter
cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for
specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.
·
Examples
of adapter cards :
1. Sound adapter and video adapter.
2. USB, parallel and serial ports.
3. Network Interface Card (NIC),
wireless NIC and modem adapter.
·
Types
of expansion slots :
1. Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI)
2. Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)
3. PCI - express
6.
Storage Drives
7.
Internal Cables
Motherboard from factors
·
The
form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board.
·
It
also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on
the motherboards.
·
Various
form factors exist for motherboards :
1. AT – Advanced Technology
2. ATX - Advanced Technology Extended
3. Mini ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
4. Micro ATX - Smaller footprint of ATX
5. LPX – Low Profile Extended
6. NLX – New Low Profile Extended
7. BTX – Balanced Technology Extended
Central Processing Unit (Continued)
·
Some
CPUs incorporate hyperthreading to enhance the performance of the CPU.
·
The
amount of data that a CPU can process at the one time depends on the size of
the processor data bus.
·
Overclocking
is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its
original specification.
·
MMX
is a set if multimedia instructions built into Intel processorrs.
·
The
latest processor technology has resulted in CPU manufacturers finding ways to
incorporate more than one CPU core onto a single chip.
Dual Core, Triple Core CPU and Quad
Core CPU
Memory Modules
·
Memory
modules are memory chips that have been soldered on to a special circuit board
for easy installation and removal.
·
Dual
Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip.
·
Single
Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board that holds several memory
chips.
·
Dual
Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and
DDR2 SDRAM chips.
·
RAM
Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuits board that holds RDRAM chips.
·
Small
Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM which
provides random access data storage that is ideal for use in laptops, printers
and others devices where conserving space is desirable.
·
The
speed of memory has a direct impect on how much data a processor can proccess
because faster memory omproves the performance of the processor. As processor
speed increases, memory speed must also increase.
Cache and Error Checking
·
Chance
1. SRAM is used as chance memory to
store the most frequently used data.
2. SRAM provides the processor with
faster access to the data than retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main
memory.
·
Error Checking
1. Memory errors occur when the data is
not stored correctly in the RAM chips.
2. The computer uses different methods
to detect and correct data errors in memory.
Hard Drives and Floppy Drives
·
Hard
drives and floppy drives read or write information to magnetic storage media.
·
They
may be fixed or removable.
·
The
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device. The storage capacity is
measured in gigabytes (GB).
·
Magnetic
hard drives have drives motors designed to spin magnetic platters and move the
drives heads.
·
Solis
State Drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts, which results in faster access to
data, higher reliability, reduced power usage.
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